Shuai Jiao
摔跤
Shuai Jiao, a discipline as ancient and enduring as the mountains themselves. The name, which translates to "throwing and wrestling," reflects its essence—an art of balance, strength, and strategy. Originating in the northern plains of China, particularly in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei Province, this style found its roots in the codification by the Battalion of Excellency in Catching, or Shan Pu Ying, during the days of the Imperial Household.
In more modern times, Shuai Jiao has grown to encompass all forms of wrestling in the Mandarin-speaking world. Whether performed as a martial discipline or as a sport, its essence endures, much like the spirit of the warriors who once practiced it.
History: From Horned Combat to Imperial Training
Over six millennia ago, wrestling was known as jiaodi, or “horn butting.” Imagine, if you will, soldiers donning horned headgear, striving to throw their opponents with both ferocity and skill. Such techniques, legends say, were commanded by the Yellow Emperor himself. Over time, these methods evolved into a game among the youth, who mimicked the contests of the cattle they observed. Truly, life’s lessons often come from the simplest of places.
By the Zhou dynasty, jiao li, an evolved form of wrestling, had become a refined practice, blending throws with strikes, joint locks, and even pressure-point techniques. Soldiers practiced these methods alongside their archery and strategy studies, preparing for the winters with exercises that honed their bodies and minds. Over centuries, jiao li grew into a spectacle, a courtly sport for entertainment and recruitment. Wrestlers who excelled on the raised platforms, known as lei tai, could earn the coveted honor of serving as imperial bodyguards or military instructors.
The Qing Dynasty and Beyond
The Qing emperors, particularly the Manchu rulers, held a deep admiration for wrestling. They established the Shanpuying, a camp in Beijing dedicated to training wrestlers, archers, and riders. Here, competition thrived as rival camps vied to showcase their skills. Wrestlers were more than performers; they were protectors of the emperor and ambassadors of martial prowess.
After the Qing dynasty’s fall, the wrestlers of Shanpuying adapted, teaching their craft to civilians and integrating it into schools and institutes. The art was formalized in 1917 through the manual Zhonghua Xin Wushu by Ma Liang and gained a broader audience through competitions, such as the first national Shuai Jiao event in 1935. Today, its legacy continues in military and police training, a testament to its practicality and timeless wisdom.
Styles: A Mosaic of Techniques
Shuai Jiao is not merely one style but a collection of traditions shaped by regions and cultures:
Zhili (Hebei) Style: Tracing its lineage to the Yellow Emperor, it emphasizes throws and techniques codified by Shanpuying.
Beijing Style: Rooted in Manchu wrestling, it highlights high-level back-carry throws and swift leg sweeps.
Tianjin Style: With circular movements and joint locks, this style blends Ming dynasty traditions with Manchu influences.
Baoding Style: Known for its speed, it incorporates Shaolin kung fu, a fascinating blend of Buddhist and Muslim influences.
Shanxi Style: With a focus on ankle picks and leg-catching, this style resembles the takedown strategies of Sanda and even the ring control of Sumo.
Mongolian Style: Reflecting the wrestling heritage of the Donghu Confederation, it honors the traditions of the Xianbei, Khitan, and Mongol peoples.
Each style carries the wisdom of its creators, much like tea leaves steeped in water, offering a unique flavor and purpose.
Translation and Meaning
The word shuai means "to throw," while jiao has shifted in meaning over the centuries. It once referred to “horns,” reflecting its origins in horned combat, but now speaks of “wrestling” in its modern form. In this evolution, we see the art’s resilience—a lesson that even as forms change, the spirit remains.
The United States Shuai-Chiao Association: Guardians of Tradition
The United States Shuai-Chiao Association (USSA) was founded in 1998 to preserve and promote Shuai-Chiao, the oldest of China’s martial arts. This non-profit organization is more than a governing body—it is a steward of tradition. Guided by a Board of Directors, branch holders, and black belts, the USSA ensures consistency in teaching and rank advancement, honoring the centuries-old methods of Shuai-Chiao.
The USSA extends its reach far beyond training halls, organizing regional and national tournaments that culminate in the selection of Team USA. These competitors represent the United States on the international stage, carrying with them the legacy of a martial art that has thrived for generations.
Chang Tung-Sheng: The "Flying Butterfly"
In 1908, Chang Tung-Sheng, also known as the "Flying Butterfly," was born in the Hopei province of China. His graceful yet devastating technique earned him this nickname early in his career. Chang trained under the esteemed Chang Fang-yen, a master of Pao-ting Shuai-Chiao—the fastest and most powerful branch of this ancient art. Chang Fang-yen himself was a disciple of Ping Jing-yee, the legendary grandmaster who first compiled Shuai-Chiao techniques for publication.
Chang Tung-Sheng rose to prominence in the 1933 National Kuo Shu Tournament, a grueling competition involving over a thousand martial artists from across China. At just 25, he triumphed as the heavyweight champion, demonstrating the unparalleled effectiveness of Shuai-Chiao. Fifteen years later, he claimed victory once more at the 1945 National Athletic Meet.
His legacy extended beyond competition. For nearly three decades, Chang taught at the Central Police Academy in Taipei, shaping the future of Shuai-Chiao and serving as the chief official for national tournaments. In the 1980s, he brought Shuai-Chiao to the international stage, conducting workshops and demonstrations across the United States and beyond. Though his passing in 1986 left unanswered questions, his documented works—such as the Shuai-Chiao belt ranking system and the thirty-character poem capturing the essence of Pao-ting Shuai-Chiao—continue to guide practitioners worldwide.
Dr. Chi Hsiu Daniel Weng: Visionary Leader
Dr. Chi Hsiu Daniel Weng, a two-time Shuai-Chiao national champion in the Republic of China, has dedicated his life to spreading the art. As the founder of the USSA, Dr. Weng has established a network of affiliates and led Team USA to numerous international victories.
Dr. Weng’s leadership has brought Shuai-Chiao to new heights. Under his guidance, the USSA team claimed first place at the 1992 Paris Mayor’s Cup and consistently achieved podium finishes at international tournaments, including the Beijing International Shuai-Chiao Tournament and the Yixing International Shuai-Chiao Tournament in 2013.
Beyond competition, Dr. Weng has been instrumental in standardizing Shuai-Chiao’s curriculum and ranking system. His works, including textbooks and instructional videos, have become essential resources for practitioners. As a professor, judge, and coach, Dr. Weng continues to bridge the ancient and modern worlds of martial arts, ensuring that Shuai-Chiao thrives in a global community.
A Tradition in Motion
The United States Shuai-Chiao Association embodies the enduring spirit of Shuai-Chiao. From the formidable legacy of Chang Tung-Sheng to the visionary leadership of Dr. Weng, the art thrives through those who practice, teach, and compete today. Shuai-Chiao is not merely a discipline of combat; it is a living story, one that stretches back through history and extends forward with every throw, technique, and triumph.